1科技英语的特点.pptVIP

Photons in a cavity The research field called cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED) started in the 1980s to study how the properties of an atom (especially spontaneous emission) were affected when the atom is placed in an optical or microwave cavity (for a review of early work, see Haroche and Kleppner, 1989). The suppression of spontaneous emission when the cavity size approaches the emitted light wavelength was observed successfully by Kleppner and his group (Hulet et al., 1985), DeMartini et al. (1987) and Haroche’s group at Yale University (Jhe et al., 1987). The next step in this research was to study the light amplification in a resonant cavity, with early input from Haroche and collaborators in the microwave region (Goy et al., 1983). A group at the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics in Garching, Germany, led by Walther, demonstrated a one-atom micromaser (Meschede et al., 1985), while Haroche and his group showed evidence for a micromaser with two photons (Brune et al., 1987). Kimble developed CQED in the optical domain (for a review, see Miller et al., 2005), achieving the so-called strong coupling of atom-field interaction in the cavity (Thompson et al., 1992; Hood et al., 1998), in parallel with Haroche’s work in the microwave domain (Brune et al., 1996a). CQED in the optical domain combines cavity field dynamics with laser cooling and trapping techniques, and has interesting applications in quantum optics and quantum information (McKeever et al., 2004). Cavity-QED has also inspired research using superconducting circuits which has been named Circuit-QED (Schoelkopf and Girvin, 2008). The main experimental component used by Haroche, Raimond, Brune and their collaborators is a microwave cavity (Fig. 4) that consists of two spherical mirrors separated by a distance of 2.7 cm, made of a superconducting material (Nb) and cooled to very low temperature~0.8 K. Technological progress in the mirrors’ quality led at the beginning of the past de