chapter2_The_fundamental_of_Mobile_Communications.ppt

* * * * Okumura model * Example: A certain mobile communication system, frequency is 450MHz, antennas height are 70m for BS and 1.5m for MS, what the path loss when wave propagated 20km on quai-flat landform in urban area? Qusi-falt landform, large city Irregular landform, different circumstance Free space propagation loss: Associated with then Hata models: Path Loss (Urban, Suburban and Open areas) Urban area: where Suburban area: Open area: * ConclusionsWireless and mobile channel impairments Impairments result mainly from: Spreading of radiated electromagnetic power in space as function of distance ? path loss Thermal noise and background noise ? additive noise Attenuation of signal power from large objects ? shadowing Multipath transmission due to reflections from (possibly moving) objects in the surroundings ? multipath fading and inter-symbol interference (frequency-selectivity) Relative transmitter-receiver motion ? Doppler effect (? time-varying, correlated random fading) Interference between different wireless carriers, transmitters, and systems ? inter-channel/inter-cell/inter-system interference * Multipath propagation Signal can take many different paths between sender and receiver due to reflection, scattering, diffraction Time dispersion: signal is dispersed over time ? interference with “neighbor” symbols, Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) The signal reaches a receiver directly and phase shifted ? distorted signal depending on the phases of the different parts * Small-scale fading Based on multipath time delay Spread Flat Fading BS BC ? Tm Ts Rayleigh, Ricean distrib. Spectral chara. of transmitted signal preserved Frequency Selective BS BC ? Tm Ts Intersymbol Interference Spectral chara. of transmitted signal not preserved Multipath components resolved Signal Channel freq. BS BC freq. BC BS Channel Signal * Small-scale fading Based on Time-Variations(Doppler Spread) Fast Fading High Doppler Spread