工程材料科学与设计余永宁.docVIP

Chapter 3 - Problem Solutions 1. DISCUSS: Temperature effect and SRO and LRO SOLUTION: As temperature increases atomic vibrations increase and atoms can be regarded as moving about their “cages” more and more. At the melting temperature the LRO, which establishes the crystallinity of many materials, vanishes; however, SRO being associated with primary bond distances, is largely preserved. Materials that are not crystalline have no long range order. At the softening temperature or glass transition temperature there is little change in SRO. Some polymers neither melt nor show a glass transition; rather, they degrade by primary bond scission, which changes their composition. 2. FIND: Sketch the pattern of a sample of wallpaper. Is there SRO? LRO? SKETCH: SOLUTION: The wallpaper in my room has a pattern similar to that above. The lattice is a parallelogram. There is one repeat motif per unit cell. The wallpaper has both SRO and LRO: It fills the entire wall! 3. DISCUSS: SRO changes with crystal melting SOLUTION: SRO changes very little with melting. In fluids the atomic separations are about the same as the bond distances in crystalline solids. 4. DISCUSS: Sketch tetragonal and orthorhombic cells. SOLUTION: Tetragonal a?c all angles 90o Orthorhomic a ? b ? c all angles 90o 5. FIND: Wallpaper design showing lattice and lattice parameters SOLUTION: “Seagull”: a = 15 cm, b = 33 cm, ? = 70o; triclinic lattice 6. FIND: Sketch base-centered cubic structure and show conformation to Fig. 3.2-3 SKETCH: SOLUTION: The center atoms are accounted by noting that the cell is simple cubic and contains two atoms per corner site. 7. FIND: Redraw the FCC structure with an atom in the face center repositioned at the origin. SKETCH: COMMENTS: The cell looks the same! 8. FIND: Whether the corner atoms in the BCC or FCC touch SKETCH: SOLUTION: BCC - corner atoms are separated by Thus, corner atoms do not touch. They are 2.31r apart.