unit 1 非谓语.docVIP

非谓语 （分词、不定式、动名词） Ⅰ.分词 ①分词的分类：现在分词 –ing ;过去分词 –ed –ing表主动;-ed表被动(eg. burning forest ; burnt skin) –ing表进行、-ed表完成(eg. developing country ; developed country) ②用法：分词的作用相当于形容词或副词，在句子中可以充当定语、表语、状语、补语（包括主语补足语和宾语补足语）。 ⅰ.定语：分词作定语时，单个的词通常放在所修饰的词之前，而分词短语通常放在所修饰词之后，例外不多 eg. : He often helps his working wife at home. Who is the woman standing by the door? We can only see part of the moon lighted by the sunlight. 例外：There’s nothing left. / Something interesting. We decided to change the material used. ⅱ.表语：作表语时，现在分词可以表示一种特征（较持久），而过去分词表示一种状态（较短暂）。 eg.: The news is exciting. Don’t get excited, please. The door remained locked. ⅲ.状语：分词经常用作状语，表示时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、 条件、让步、伴随等状语，常位于句首或句尾，有时放在主谓之间。分词作状语时，其逻辑主语应该与主句主语保持一致。 eg. Depending on our efforts, we overcame all the difficulties. The teacher walked about the classroom, using his hands to help his explanation. Given better attention, the trees could grow well. The method, tried in our village, resulted in a rise in total production. 补充：有时为了表示明确的时间或条件，在在分词前面可以加一些连词：when/ while/if eg. When leaving the airport, he waved again and again to us. If translated word by word, the sentence will be meaningless. Be careful when crossing the street. 独立主格结构 独立主格 ≠ 句子 主+分词 主+谓语 独立主格也可以表示时间、原因、条件、或伴随的动作和情况。 eg. Weather permitting,the football match will be played on Wednesday. Standing at the top of the mountain, we can see a lot of flowers. ⅳ. 补足语：作宾语补足语和主语补足语，分词短语可以放在感官动词或使役动词之后，与一个名词或代词构成复合宾语，这使得分词充当宾语补足语。 eg. We heard children singing a song in the classroom. I have my hair cut. doing 主动 感官动词/使役动词+sb./sth. do 主动 done 被动 ③分词的时态和语态 having done 完成时 being done 被动式 否定式在前面加上not having been done 完成被动式 doing 一般式 ⅰ.完成式：现在分词的完成式主要用作状语，表示这个动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。 eg. Having finished his homework, the boy began to watch TV. Having watered the vegetable, the famers took a short rest. 现在分词的完成式与过去分词的区别与联系 相似点：两者都可以表示动作的完成