英语教学法复习提纲.doc

Unit 1 Language and Learning 1. Language:” Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.” It can be understood in the following six aspects: Language as system; Language as symbolic; Language as arbitrary; Language as vocal; Language as human; Language as communication 2. Structural view: The structural view sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: from phonological, morphological, lexical, etc. to sentences. 3. The functional view: The functional view sees language as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things. Most of our day-to-day language use involves functional activities: greetings; offering, suggesting, advising, apologizing, etc. 4. The interactional view: The interactional view considers language as a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people. 5. The language learning theory underlying an approach or method usually answers two questions: 1) What are the psycholinguistic and cognitive processes involved in language learning? 2) What are the conditions that need to be met in order for these learning processes to be activated? 6. Although these two questions have never been satisfactorily answered, a vast amount of research has been done from all aspects, which can be broadly divided into process-oriented theories and condition-oriented theories. 1) Process-oriented theories are concerned with how the mind processes new information, such as habit formation, induction, making inference, hypothesis testing and generalization. 2) Condition-oriented theories emphasize the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place, such as the number of students, what kind of input learners receive, and the learning atmosphere. 7. Two theories: Some researchers attempt to formulate teaching approaches directly from these theories. 1) The behaviorist theory( Skinner)-- a stimulus-response theory of psychology