PSYCHOLOGY -心理能力.ppt

Reframing Questions:The Case of At-Risk Population Traditional psychology (Post-WWII) “Why do these individuals fail?” Positive psychological approach (1980s-) “What makes some individuals succeed despite unfavorable circumstances?” Resilience “A class of phenomena characterized by patterns of positive adaptation in the context of significant adversity or risk.” Masten Reed Superkids? Ordinary characteristics, extraordinary results Optimism Faith and a sense of meaning Prosocial behavior Focusing on strengths Set goals A role model Social support From Pathogenic Questions to Salutogenic Questions “All those familiar with the history of science are aware that important advances come with the formulation of new questions. The question is the breakthrough; the answer comes with difficulty, but it is the new question that is important. The salutogenic question, I submit to you, is a radically new question, which provides the impetus for formulating a new paradigm to help us understand health and illness. It has serious implications for researcher and clinician, biological and social scientist alike.” Aaron Antonovsky “We see what we look for and we miss much of what we are not looking for even though it is there... Our experience of the world is heavily influenced by where we place our attention.” Stavros and Torres Role models High Expectations From blame to responsibility Tough and respectful Optimism and faith in future From focusing on deficiencies to focusing on strengths Passive Victim Vs. Active Agent self pity blame frustration anger ___________________________________________ take action responsibility confidence hope and optimism Reframing Questions:The Case of a Chicago School Traditional Way “How can we keep students in school?” Marva Collins’ Way “How can we cultivate the seed of greatness in our students?” “How can we cultivate the seed of greatness in our selves and families, in our communities and organization, in our