蛋白指纹图谱凝胶电泳.doc

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蛋白指纹图谱凝胶电泳

Experiment #4: Protein Fingerprinting using Gel Electrophoresis Background: The Modern Theory of Evolution and Muscle Proteins Did you know that human genes are 98.4% identical to chimpanzee genes, but they’re also like many of the genes in bacteria, mushrooms, and fish? This remarkable similarity in genetic information among diverse species is our primary evidence that all organisms have the same ancient origin. Charles Darwin proposed the revolutionary idea that varieties of forms and species are derived from a common ancestor— “descent with modification.” When a population of similar, related individuals acquires new characteristics over many generations, we refer to that process of modification over time as evolution. The millions of species living on earth today have one amazing, striking commonality: we all use essentially the same chemical language and mechanisms for metabolism and reproduction. Reliable fossil evidence for ancient bacteria, the earliest known cellular life, dates to at least 3.5 billion years ago. Since then, the expansion and modification of the gene pool of the original ancestral organisms has resulted in the many millions of different species that exist on the planet today. Since DNA contains the information to make proteins, mutations or alterations in DNA can produce new proteins that function differently. These changes can lead to novel traits and diversity among related organisms. This genetic diversity makes evolution possible, since natural selection favors some individuals and not others, and so leads to changes in the composition of the gene pool over time. DNA both provides for the continuity of traits from one generation to the next and accounts for the variation that can lead to differences within a species—and even to entirely new species. Extensive studies have revealed that a great deal of DNA sequence similarity exists among the genes of all modern-day organisms. For example, scientists were astounded to discover that the

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