清华英国社会与文化课件第七周History of British Transport - Part 2 (London)_423809960.pptVIP

London Transport;Topics;;Oxford Street was said to have more oil lamps than all of Paris Shops stayed open until 10pm and their illuminated windows helped to light streets;By 1850 gas lights appeared in London high streets like Pall Mall;Before 1762 individual occupants were responsible for paving and cleaning the street in front of their home or business ;…to the End that the Filth, Ashes, and Rubbish may be ready to be carried away by the Scavengers, upon Pain to forfeit Three Shillings and Four-Pence for every Offence. The London Scavenger;Paving and cleaning improved when the Westminster Paving Act (1762) transferred it to a government commission ;A key innovation was a pavement separating the footway and the carriageway;Omni = everything for everybody 1 shilling fee (1/3rd of stagecoach prices);Georges Shillibeer started the first Omnibus company in London on April 23rd 1829 – 22 seats and 3 horses;The service differed from the stagecoach in that there was no prior booking and the driver stopped for people to get on or off by request;The main problem with the Omnibus was the horses – needed feeding and stabling, the manure needed collection, and a team of 10 horses was needed for one Omnibus;Rail based Omnibuses appeared in 1860 and helped to lower the cost of travel as fewer horses were needed;The Omnibus proved to be a great social mixer ;By 1900 there were 3,736 Omnibuses in London and suburban commuters could take express buses with 48 seats before 10am;Electric trams – also known as trolleybuses - were first used in 1860s and replaced the Omnibus by 1912;The change to electric power cut costs and opened public bus transport to the working class 【more cheaper！】;The Red Flag Act was repealed in 1896 and by 1914 there were 184 steam buses in London;From 1902 the Omnibus companies had started to replace their horses with petrol driven buses;The Strand 1918;The first tube began construction in March 1860 and opened on Januar