热动专业毕业设计文献翻译(中英文).doc

Energy Conversion and Management 76 (2013) 162–168 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Energy Conversion and Management j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v ie r . c o m / l o c a t e / e n c o n m a n Energy, economic and environmental analysis of metal oxides nanofluid for flat-plate solar collector M. Faizal a,b, , R. Saidur b, S. Mekhilef c, M.A. Alim b a Engineering Division, ADP, Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia b Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia c Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia  a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 19 April 2013 Accepted 20 July 2013 Keywords: Nanofluid Flat-plate solar collector Energy saving Economic Environment  a b s t r a c t For a solar thermal system, increasing the heat transfer area can increase the output temperature of the system. However, this approach leads to a bigger and bulkier collector. It will then increase the cost and energy needed to manufacture the solar collector. This study is carried out to estimate the potential to design a smaller solar collector that can produce the same desired output temperature. This is possible by using nanofluid as working fluid. By using numerical methods and data from literatures, efficiency, size reduction, cost and embodied energy savings are calculated for various nanofluids. From the study, it was estimated that 10,239 kg, 8625 kg, 8857 kg and 8618 kg total weight for 1000 units of solar collec-tors can be saved for CuO, SiO2, TiO2 and Al2O3 nanofluid respectively. The average value of 220 MJ embodied energy can be saved for each collector, 2.4 years payback period can be achieved and around 170 kg less CO2 emissions in average can be offset for the nanofluid based solar collector compared to a conventional solar collector. Finally, the environmental damage cost can also be reduced with the nano-fluid based solar