大学英语语法(英语专业必看).docVIP

1.Noun Identify the uncountable nouns 1. Nouns that have no distinct, separate parts, we look as the whole (气、液、固体) 2. Nouns that have parts that are too small or insignificant to count (sand grass hair) 3. Nouns that are classes or categories of things (food, clothing, money) P49 4. Nouns that are abstraction (life, work, music) 5. Subjects of study (history, math) 不可数变可数三大规律 1. 物质名词(总称名词)若表示不同的种类，或者表示特定的意思，或者是液体名词表示“几杯”或“几瓶”这样的数量时。 2. 抽象名词若是具体化，则可数。与此相反，可数转化为不可数。 3. 当一个名词表示抽象、总称的概念，则为不可数，当一个名词表示具体、特定的事物，则为可数。 物质名词/总称名词变可数 1. 总称名词具体化 A: Would you like a cake? B: No. I don’t like cake. 2. 物质名词变意思 I need some paper. / I bought a paper. 3. 液体物质名词表数量 Two beers and three coffees, please. 抽象名词变可数 Art (an art) / beauty (a beauty) / youth (a youth) Eg. 1. Youth is not a time of life. It is a state of mind. 2. When as a child I laughed and wept– time crept. When as a youth I dreamed and talked-time walked. 2Articles Specific reference--the 1. 特指是针对交际双方来说的 2. 特指就是根据说话者和听话者共有的知识，或根据上下文，可以识别的事物。 3. 说话者用the是想要听话者找到双方心中都知道的所知，而听话者一方“断定”或“还原”所指对象的方法有多种。 1. Situational/cultural reference Eg. Albert Einstein, the famous physicist. 2. textual co-reference— anaphoric reference (前指） cataphoric reference （后指 1. general knowledge (the sun, the moon, the North Pole, the Equator, the universe, the Renaissance, the Pope 罗马教皇） 2. specific knowledge/ local use (let’s go to the library) 3. immediate situation (The roses are very beautiful. Can you find the page?） 不定冠词泛指与非泛指 a/an +uncountable noun A washing powder I’ve found to be extremely good is “Tide”. （种类） I like a beer please. （一杯） A glass / an iron （意变） Conditions when “one” is better 1. 强调数量“一”时用 one (one only), C: when will they be ready? A: they take a week. C: One week, right, thanks. 2. 用于准确的对照数字 Two kilos of flour and one litter of water. 3. 讲故事中用one, 强调人或事作为将要讲到的话题 There is one place we go to which is a Mexican restaurant, and they had a happy hour between 5:30 and 7:30. Conditions when “a/