本科英语语法—被动态1.docVIP

本科·英语语法·语态（被动态） 英语有两种语态形式：主动语态和被动语态。后者是带有be + ed分词的复杂动词形式，我们的讨论主要集中在被动语态上。许多动作都牵涉到两个人或物。一个是动作的执行者，一个是动作的承受者，前者被看作是“发出者”，后者是“承受者”。语态是一种语法范畴，它使我们用其中的任何一种来看出句子表达的动作，而不改变其意义： I. Shakespeare wrote the play. (active) II. The play was written by Shakespeare. (passive) 从上面的两个句子我们可以看出被动语态可以表达出和主动语态一样的意思。在这种情况下，句法的选择主要是由说话者的观点、风格因素，或是由上下文句子所需要的某种信息顺序来决定。大多数被动语态都是be型被动式，有时也用get型被动形式。尽管它们的意义上有差别，但经常可以互换。被动语态句子一般被看做是它们相应的主动语态句子转换过来，然而正如我们所看到的，并非所有的主动句都能转变为被动句，且并非所有的含有及物动词的句子都可以转为被动语态。由于许多态制约，使得它们的转变在语义上、语法上、风格上不能接受。介词短语by+ 动作的执行者在被动语态中经常由于各种原因被省去，这多是由于上下文清楚所致。另外，多字词和非限定性动词的被动语态也很常用，在这种情况下，它的用法有独特的特征。 一、被动态的类型： 类型 特点 举例 be型 较长用，能在不同时、体形式中，而且可以和不同的情态助动词、半助动词连用。一般不使用被动完成进行体，但偶尔也使用。 (1)He is respected by everyone in the community. (2)My car was stolen last week. (3)The house is being redecorated at the moment. (4)This can be done in different ways. (5)He has never been beaten at tennis. (6)This sports meet is going to be put of until the end of the month. (7)He’s been being interviewed in the past hour. get型 不常用且一般不用在正式的语体中。从语义上讲，常常指动作而不是状态，指结果而不是过程，强调承受结果的主语所生的事情而不强调谁发出的这个动作。为此，句子中的动词常常是动作动词，by+动作发出者常省去，经常有一个表示结果的副词，像eventually, finally, as a result等。 (1)I. The children were punished. 孩子们受到惩罚。 II. The children got punished. 孩子们得到了处罚。 (2)I. Can the ship be seen on the horizon? 能看到地平线上的船吗? II. Can the ship get seen on the horizon? (3)I. I want you to watch carefully how the machine is being operated. II. I want you to watch carefully how the machine is getting operated. (4)I. The play was written by Shakespeare. II. The play got written by Shakespeare. (5)The book eventually got translated into Chinese. (6)They got taught a lesson as a result. 假性 在形式上是被动的，意义上却是主动的。它的ed分词是形容词化的，所以在SVC的结构中它是主语的补充。作为形容词，它可以用在比较结构中，可以带各种介词短语而不是by 词组，而且也可以和be, get以外的其它系动词连用。 (1)I’m very interested in the position they’ve offered me. (2)He got completely confused. (3)She felt annoyed at his negligence at work. (4)They became more and more amused at what he was doing to the dog. (5)You look tir