新版轮机英语nit31 basic theroy of automatic control.pptVIP

LESSON 31 Basic theory of automatic control To control a device or system is to be able to adjust or vary the parameters which affect it. This can be achieved manually(手动） or automatically（自动） depending upon the arrangements made in the system. All forms of control can be considered to act in a loop(回路）. The basic elements（元件） present in the loop are a detector(检测器), a comparator(比较器) and a regulator(调节器). All of which surround the process and form the loop (Fig. 6 (a)). This arrangement is an automatic closed loop if the elements are directly connected to one another and the control action takes place without human involvement(卷入、牵连). A manual closed loop would exist if one element were replaced by a human operator. It can be seen therefore that in a closed loop control system the control action（控制作用） is dependent（依赖的，依靠的） on the output. A detecting（检测） or measuring element will obtain a signal related to this output which is fed back to the transmitter(变送器). From the transmitter the signal is then passed to a comparator. The comparator will contain some set or desired value（设定值） of the controlled condition which is compared to the measured value signal. Any deviation(偏差) or difference between the two values will result in an output signal（输出信号） to the controller. The controller will then take action in a manner（方式） related to the deviation and provide a signal to a regulating unit（调节单元）. The regulating unit will then increase or decrease its effect on the system to achieve the desired value of the system variable（被控量） (Fig. 6(b)). The transmitter（变送器）, controller and regulating unit are supplied with an operating medium（工作介质） in order to function. The operating medium may be compressed air, hydraulic oil or electricity. For each medium various types of transmitting devices, controllers and regulating units are used. Some of the terms（术语） in common use in control system will now be defined（定义，详细说明). OPEN LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM It is one in which the