近代史五次对中国出路的探讨(国外英文资料).docVIP

近代史五次对中国出路的探讨(国外英文资料) (1) Westernization Movement - the beginning of modernization (economic industrialization); 1. background: in the double blow of the second Opium War and the Taiping Rebellion, the Qing government beset with troubles internally and externally. 2. (1) time: Nineteenth Century - 60 - 90s (2) factions and figures: the landlord class, the Westernization Group, the Central Committee, Prince Zuo Zongtang, Zheng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zhang Zhidong. (3) objective: using western advanced science and technology, the rich, the plight of the Qing Dynasty, maintaining the feudal rule. (4) slogan: self strengthening and seeking rich. (division, skill, skill, self-improvement) 3 main activities: (1) the self as the slogan, the founder of the modern military industry, mainly include: the Anqing ordnance, Zheng Guofan Zheng Guofan and Li Hongzhang Zuo Zongtang of the Jiangnan manufacturing Bureau, Fuzhou dockyard. (2) late to pursuit of wealth as the slogan, establishment and operation of the civilian industry, mainly include: Li Hongzhang Zhang Zhidong, the steamship Hanyang iron factory and Hubei fabric layout. (3) planning coastal defense. From 70s to the middle of 80s, the three navies of Nanyang, Beiyang and Fujian were built, of which the Northern Navy was the largest. (4) launching a new school. In 1862 the establishment of the Tungwen College is the first modern schools run by the Westernization movement. Results: 4, the Sino Japanese War, the battle of Weihai Wei Beiyang fleet marks The whole army was wiped out. the failure of the Westernization Movement. 5, evaluation: (1) Nature: it is the self-help movement of a failed feudal ruler. (2) limitations: its subjective purpose is to safeguard feudal rule, not to lead China to capitalism; therefore, it does not make China a prosperous and prosperous road, (3) the positive role: it introduced the western advanced science and technology, the China appeared the first batch of modern enterprises; the accumula