语言学复习重点第一章.docVIP

Chapter 1 Language and Linguistics (这一章主要探讨什么是语言，语言的功能是什么，语言的起源和分类，以及，什么是语言学，语言学的研究范围是什么) 1.1 The nature of language---什么是语言？ 一句话总结，Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (systematic, symbolic, arbitrary, primarily vocal, human specific, used for communication) Language is systematic 系统性 （重点：语言的双重性duality） 解释：language is systematic since element in it are arranged to certain rules. (e.g.only certain combination of sounds are possible in English) 双重性 duality: Each language is organized into two basic systems: a system of sound and a system of meaning. Language is symbolic 符号性 （重点：Icon, Index, Symbol 的区分） 解释：there is no or little connection between the sounds that people use and objects to which the sounds refer.（这句话丝毫没重点，不过没办法，PPT上这么说，我觉得对符号性的理解应该是 people use signs to communicate, which means that language involves signs 才有逻辑）因为： 伟大的现代语言学之父 Saussure: linguistics is a subdivision（分支） of semiology(符号学), dealing with language as a special means of human communication. （语言学是符号学的分支，是研究语言作为以一种特殊交流方法的学科。） 语言学家们比较无聊，决定把这些杂乱无章的符号分下类，于是就有了： Icon Index Symbol Language is arbitrary 任意性 解释：there is no natural connection between meaning and sound, the word and the object, the form of word and their meanings. Saussure 又提出，there is no natural connection between signifier （能指）and signified（所指）。 但是，not everything about language is unpredictable. Words are arbitrary in form, but they are not random in their use.换言之，就是发明词语的人可以随便发明，用你就不能随便用了。总之你不能管桌子叫猪。 Language is primarily vocal （语言一开始是口语） 这么说有五点依据： 孩子先学说话再学读和写 孩子一边长大一边自主学习语言 人类历史上先有说话再有写作 写作基于演讲的基础上 人们说话多写作少 Language is human specific （语言是人类特有的） 解释：Certain characteristics of human language are not found in the communication system of others.因为，人类语言具有一下几种特性： 位移性 displacement: language has the ability to refer to things far removed in time and space. E.g. My uncle went to shanghai last week. 多产性 productivity or creativity: humans have the ability to produce and understand an ind