外文翻译混凝坝.docVIP

Lesson 13 concrete gravity dam on rock foundations 岩基上的混凝土重力坝 The designer of any dam must make basic assumptions regarding site conditions and their effects on the proposed structure. 设计人员在设计任何坝时，都必须对有关坝址的情况及其对结构物的影响做出一些基本假定。 Site investigations provide the engineer with much of the information to evaluate these assumptions, the bases for safe dam design. 坝址的查勘为工程师拟定这些假定提供了许多资料。这些假定是安全设计的基础。 Some important assumptions for small dam design involve uplift pressure, seepage control measures, channel degradation and downstream toe erosion, foundation conditions, and quality of construction. 有关小坝设计的一些主要假定包括：扬压力，渗流控制措施，河槽冲刷深度以及下游坝趾的冲蚀，坝基条件和施工质量。 Additional assumptions should involve silt loads, ice pressures, earthquake accelerations, and wave forces.其它一些附加假定应包括泥沙荷载、冰压力、地震加速度和波浪力。 1 safety factors 安全系数 Safety factors should be considered in the light of economic conditions. Large safety factors result in a more costly structure; however, low safety factors may result in failure, which could also lead to high cost.安全系数应根据经济情况来考虑。安全系数大，导致结构费用昂贵；而安全系数小则可能引起失事，也会导致很大的经济损失。 Proper safety factors result only from an adequate determination of sliding, overturning, and overstressing forces within and acting on the dam.只有在适当地确定坝内和作用在坝体上的滑动、倾覆以及应力超限的作用力之后，才能得到合适的安全系数。 2 overturning倾覆 Ordinarily, the safety factor against overturning is between 2 and 3. 一般来说（通常），抗倾覆安全系数在2～3之间。 In small dams it is often larger.较小的坝通常取较大的值 If the computed safety factor falls below 2, the section of the dam should be modified to increase the safety margin. 如果算出的安全系数小于2（在2以下），应修改坝的断面以提高安全度。 A gravity dam rarely fails from overturning since any tendency to overturn provides greater opportunity for a sliding force to create the failure. 重力坝很少因倾覆而破坏。因为任何一种倾覆的趋势，都更可能引起滑动而导致破坏。 The safety factor against overturning is the ration of the righting moment to the overturning moment about the toe of the dam. This can be expressed as Which： is force due to weight of concrete; is force due to weight or water on