管理学原理学习课件 第4章.pptVIP

When the hierarchy of organizational goals is clearly defined, it forms an integrated network of goals, or a means-ends chain. Higher-level goals (or ends) are linked to lower-level goals, which serve as the means for their accomplishment. In other words, the goals achieved at lower levels become the means to reach the goals (ends) at the next level. And the accomplishment of goals at that level becomes the means to achieve the goals (ends) at the next level and on up through the different organizational levels. That’s how traditional goal setting is supposed to work. Instead of using tradi