不定式和动名词.docVIP

动词不定式 动词不定式的概念：动词不定式指由to 加上动词原形所构成的一种非谓语动词，但在有些情况下to可以省略。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。 动词不定式的构成与形式：现以动词make为例，其形式如下： 　 主动形式 被动形式 一般式 (not) to make (not) to be made 完成式 (not) to have made (not) to have been made 进行式 (not) to be making 　 完成进行式 (not) to have been making 　 1．不定式的用法 1）作主语。不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语。如：To see is to believe. It is right to give up smoking. ?2）作宾语。不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。如： He wanted to go. I find it interesting to study history. 有些动词后只能用动词不定式作宾语。如：decide，plan，desire，expect，hope, wish，pretend，promise，refuse，afford，agree，ask，fail，tend，pretend，manage ?3）作宾语补足语。如： He asked me to do the work with him. 注意：在feel，hear，notice，observe，see，watch，have，let，make等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to。但这些句子如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to。如： I often hear him sing the song. He is often heard to sing the song. （注意：动词不定式在介词but后面时，如果介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。另外，在can’t choose but和can’t help but等后面的不定式也省略to。）如：She could do nothing but cry. I have no choice but to go. 4）作定语。如：I have some books for you to read. ①作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。如：He is looking for a room to live in. There is nothing to worry about. Please give me a knife to cut with. ②当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较： Have you anything to send ? （你有什么东西要寄吗？——不定式to send的动作执行者是“你”） Have you anything to be sent? [你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？——不定式to be sent的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”] 5）作状语，表示目的、原因、结果或条件。如： I came here to see you. （目的） We were very excited to hear the news. （原因） He hurried to the school to find nobody there. （结果） To look at him, you would like him. （条件） 目的状语还可以用in order to或so as to来表示， 如：In order to pass the exam, he worked very hard. We ran all the way so as not to be late. （so as to不能置于句首） I am very glad to hear it. The question is difficult to answer. He is too old to do that. （“too + 形容词或副词 + 不定式”作状语。） The room is big enough to hold us. 6）作表语。如： My job is to help the patient. 7）作独立成分。如：To tell the truth, I don’t agree wi