学术论文的基本要求.pptVIP

起草大纲的步骤 Eight Steps to Developing an Effective Outline 1. Develop a central message of the manuscript 2. Define the materials and methods 3. Summarize the question(s) and problem(s) 4. Define the principal findings and results 5. Describe the conclusions and implications 6. Organize and group related ideas together 7. Identify the references that pertain to each key point 8. Develop the introduction 学术论文简介 论文写作要求 大纲写作方法 初稿写作方法 论文格式举例 学术论文的基本要求与写作方法 初稿的写作方法 Twelve Steps to Developing an Effective First Draft of Your Manuscript 1. Consolidate all the information． 2. Target a Journal, 3. Star writing, 4. Writing Quickly, 5. Write in your own voice, 6. Write without editing, 7. Keep to the plan of your outline, 8. Write the paper in parts, 9. Put the first draft aside, 10. Revise it, 11. Revise for clarity and brevity, 12. Be consistent. 学术论文简介 论文写作要求 大纲写作方法 摘要写作方法 论文格式举例 学术论文的基本要求与写作方法 撰写摘要的步骤 Ten Steps to Writing an Effective Abstract 1. Identify the major objectives and conclusions. 2. Identify phrases with keywords in the methods section. 3. Identify the major results from the discussion or results section. 4. Assemble the above information into a single paragraph. 5. State your hypothesis or method used in the first sentence. 撰写摘要的步骤 Ten Steps to Writing an Effective Abstract 6. Omit background information, literature review, and detailed description of methods. 7. Remove extra words and phrases. 8. Revise the paragraph so that the abstract conveys only the essential information. 9. Check to see if it meets the guidelines of the targeted journal. 10. Give the abstract to a colleague (preferably one who is not familiar with your work) and ask him/her whether it makes sense. 学术论文的基本要求与写作方法 学术论文简介 论文写作要求 大纲写作方法 初稿写作方法 摘要写作方法 讨论写作技巧 讨论写作技巧 1、强调指出研究获得的新的重要结果和结论，并作解释。不要重复引言和结论部分内容； 2、说明研究的价值和局限性，讨论试验发现的可推广性，如有其他相关研究，应阐述其间的关联； 3、要与研究的目的结合起来讨论，避免妄下研究结果不支持的结论； 讨论写作技巧 4、要避免强调和暗示尚未完成的工作的重要性，如有把握，可提出新假设和建议。 5、作者可根据结果下适当的结论，即便真的是很有意义的开拓性研究，也只需客观、适当评