Part1MicroarrayTimeseriesAnalysiswithreplicatesOSMandEGF第二部分.pptVIP

Introduction to Microarrays SE für Dissertanden 30. 04. 2002 Acknowledgement. Most of the material in the talk (in particular the pictures) has been copied from the internet. Main sources: Terry Speed‘s microarray page. (/users/terry/zarray/Html/index.html) Online biology textbook  (/bio/bio181/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html) A quick introduction to elements of biology - cells, molecules, genes, functional genomics, microarrays (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/microarray/biology_intro.html) Biological background Gene: Continuous stretch of a genomic DNA molecule, from which a complex molecular machinery can read information (encoded as a string of A, T, G, and C) and make a particular type of a protein or a few different proteins. Transcription: One strand of DNA molecule is copied into a complementary pre mRNA (pre stands for preliminary and m for messenger) by the protein complex RNA polymerase II. Splicing: Removes some stretches of the pre mRNA, called introns, the remaining sections called exons are then joined together. Biological background (contd.) Translation: process of making proteins by joining together amino acids in order encoded in the mRNA. Microarrays Basic idea: measure the amount of mRNA for thousands of genes simultaneously to see which genes are being expressed in (used by) the cell. Measuring protein might be better, but no comparable technique is available yet for proteins. How do microarray experiments work? Choosing Cell Populations mRNA Extraction and Reverse Transcription Fluorescent Labeling of cDNAs Hybridization to a DNA Microarray Scanning the Hybridized Array Interpreting the Scanned Image Which cell populations are compared? Different tissues, same organism (brain v. liver) Same tissue, same organism (tumor v. non-tumor) Same tissue, different o