Population Ecology2.ppt

第四节? inter-specific interaction Definition: interaction of different species 关系类型 关系特点 competition(- -) 彼此互相抑制 predation (+ -) 种群A杀死或吃掉种群B一些个体 parasitism(+ -) 种群A寄生于种群B,并有害于后者 Neutralism(0 0) 彼此互不影响 symbiosis(+ +) 彼此互相有利,专性 Mutualism(+ +) 彼此互相有利,兼性 commensalism (+ 0) 对A种群有利,对种群B无利害 amensalism (- 0) 对A种群有害,对种群B无利害 一、interspecific competition 1.concept Interespecific competition: competition between individuals of different species. Types of interespecific competition 1.intereference competition: form of competition involving direct antagonistic interactions between individuals. Such as allelopathy (他感作用) 2. exploitation competition: consume resources to reduce the fitness of other species In addition there is a competition called Apparent competition: one predator has two preys, the number of predator will increase with the increasing of one prey, in consequence, the number of another prey will decrease because of the increasing of predator. 2.Common characteristics of interspecific competition: 不对称性 ：the consequence is not equal to different species 共轭性：competition of one resource affects the competition of other resources 3. Interspecific competition model： （1）model： this model was independly addressed by Lotka (1925) and Volterra (1926), respectively. They based this model on the logistic growth model and introduced competition coefficients (α12，α21). The effect of interspecific competition is incorporated（合并） into the Lotka-Volterra model by -α12N2 and - α21N1 The terms α12 and α21 are called competititon coefficients and express the competitive effects of the competing species. α12 is the effect of an individual of species 2 on the rate of population growth of species 1, while α21 is the effect of an individual of species 1 on the rate of population growth of species 2. If α12 1, then the competitive effect of an individual of species 2 on the population growth of species 1 is greater than that of an individual of species 1. α12 is