过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译13.docVIP

Reading Material 13 Principles of Mass Transfer 1. General Remarks Some of the most typical chemical engineering problems lie in the field of mass transfer. A distinguishing mark of chemical engineer is his ability to design and operate equipment in products is prepared, chemical reactions take place, and separations of the resulting products are made. This ability rests largely on a proficiency in the science of mass transfer. Applications of the principles of momentum and heat transfer are common in many branches of engineering, but the application of mass transfer has traditionally been largely limited to chemical engineering. Other important applications occur in metallurgical processes, in problems of high-speed flight, and in waste treatment and pollution-control processes. Eddy diffusion is apparent in the dissipation of smoke from a smokestack. Turbulence causes mixing and transfer of the smoke to the surrounding atmosphere. In certain locations where atmospheric turbulence is lacking, smoke originating at the surface of the earth is dissipated largely by molecular diffusion. This cause serious pollution problems because mass is transferred less rapidly by molecular diffusion than by eddy diffusion. 4. Convective Mass-Transfer Coefficients In the study of heat transfer we found that the solution of the differential energy balance was sometimes cumbersome or impossible, and it was convenient to express the rate of heat flow in terms of a convective heat-transfer coefficient by an equation like The analogous situation in mass transfer is handled by an equation of form The mass flux NA is measured relative to a set of axes fixed in place. The driving force is the difference between the conversation at the phase boundary (a solid surface or a fluid interface) and the concentration at some arbitrarily defined point in the fluid medium. The convective coefficient may apply to forced or natural converction; there are no mass-transfer counterparts for boiling, con