考博虚拟语气学习精要.docVIP

语 气 语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对所发生的事或所处的状态所持的态度或主观看法。 1. indicative mood 直陈 说话者认为所说的事实，或现在存在，或过去曾存在，或将来要存在，因此直陈语气可体现于不同时态中。 2. imperative mood 祈使 表示说话者对对方的请求、命令、叮嘱、号召等，主语为第二人称you，一般不出现。 3. subjunctive mood 虚拟 表示说话者所说的话是某种愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测、建议、可能或纯粹空想(提供一些主观设想的情况)，总是与if引导的假设条件句在一起。 条件从句谓语动词 主句谓语动词 与现在事实相反 did/were (could/might表情态)/(would/ should第一人称)+do 与过去事实相反 had+done (could/might表情态)/(would/ should第一人称)+have+done 与将来事实相反 were to/should+do did (could/might表情态)/(would/ should第一人称)+do 与将来事实可能相反 should+do (could/might表情态)/(would/ should第一人称)+do 例句： ① If the sun had no gravity, the plannets would fly towards the distant stars. ② If I had known of your arrival, I should have met you at the station. ③ If you missed (should/were to miss) the concert tonight, you’d feel sorry for itall you life. ④ 从句由should+do的虚拟条件句，有时也可用于主句为陈述或祈使语气的句子，表示可能性虽小，但并不是完全没有。 If I should be free tomorrow, Iwill come. Ask her to ring me up if you should see her. 注意： 1. 错综时间虚拟条件句 conditional sentences of Mixed Time 一般，主句、从句的谓语动词应前后呼应，但有时主句、从句动作发生的时间不一致。这时，动词形式应根据实际情况进行调整。这种条件句，句子中一定会出现表确定时间的时间状语，或根据上下文进行推断。 If you had made the necessary preparations yesterday, we would not have so many difficulties now. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chair- man now. 2. 连词if省略的情况 从句中if+主语+should /were/had (not)→should /were/had +主语(not)+谓语其它部分+句子剩余部分。 Were I you, I would try again. Had there been no air, there would have been no living things. Should he come here tomorrow morning, Ishould speak to him. 3. 假设情况有时并不由if一定的条件状语从句来表示, 而是通过一个介词短语来表示，或通过上下文或句子内在逻辑表示出来。 ① 常见介词或介词短语 with, without, but for/but that +n., in the absence of, in the position of, under the condition, supposing/suppose(d) With free time and no TV(If they had free time and no TV), children and adults might rediscover reading. I should have been badly off without your friendly help(If it had not been for your friendly help). But for your help(If it hadn’t been for your help),we