迁移对环境和文明的影响.docVIP

Ideology, environment and forced relocation: Kiruna – a town on the move The context of Kiruna and the relocation Concepts such as transformation, development and innovation, and ideas about production, industrializa-tion, technological knowledge, demographic upheaval, urban growth and the decreasing importance of issues involving tradition, have been associated with mod-ernism and modern societies (see e.g. Berman, 1983; Giddens, 1990). Parts of this, not least the need for transformation and a confidence in technological rationality, are clearly present in representations of Kiruna’s relocation. It is also possible to place the foundation and growth of Kiruna in a modern context. The early town was created as a model society in an industrial context, and could be described as modern in the sense of it being a place of innovation and cultural change. However, the representations of Kiruna and its planned relocation cannot be associated with mod-ernist rhetoric in every sense. Modern trends such as those that marred the transformation of several Swedish cities in the 1960s – old city centres were demolished and replaced by new buildings – are tendencies that are not directly applicable to the contemporary transformation of Kiruna. Those in power in Kiruna have learned the lessons of the demolition period. The stated desire to preserve buildings and typical characteristics of the town is an example of this, and further ideas include the importance of a clean environment and sustainable development. However, there is a modern aspect to the plans for relocation: the interest in technical and rational solutions. As noted above, the rhetoric sur-rounding urban transformation concentrates upon how the move’s technical problems can be solved in the most rational and cheapest way. The technologi-cal rationality focuses on calculations, estimates and practical problem-solving, and is closer to a kind of practical knowledge than an intellectual understanding in itself. Sven-