chapter 12 language and brain.pptVIP

Chapter 12 Language and Brain Neurolinguistics Neurolinguistics is the study of the relationship between brain and language. It includes research into ◇ how the structure of the brain influences language learning ◇ how and in which parts of the brain language is stored ◇ how damage to the brain affects the ability to use language Lateralization of the Brain Human body is asymmetrical: heart, liver, use of limbs, etc. Functions of the brain become lateralized Each hemisphere specialized for particular ways of working Split-brain patients are good examples of lateralization of language functions Brain Lateralization (大脑侧化) Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills. 认知功能和感知功能位于大脑的某一半球上被称为侧化。 Lateralization of functions Left-hemisphere: Sequential analysis Analytical Problem solving Language Right-hemisphere: Simultaneous analysis Synthetic Visual-Spatial skills Cognitive maps Personal space Facial recognition Drawing Emotional functions Recognizing emotions Expressing emotions Music Methods to Study the Brain SAT (阿米妥纳试验) CT (计算机化轴向层面X射线摄影法 CT扫描) PET （正电子发射X射线层析照相术） Split Brain Studies （裂脑试验） Dichotic Listening (两耳分听研究) Three major types of Aphasia Borca’s aphasia Nonfluent speech Wernicke’s aphasia Fluent speech but unintelligible Global aphasia Total loss of language Broca’s Aphasia Lesions in the left inferior frontal region (Broca’s area) Nonfluent, labored, and hesitant speech Most also lost the ability to name persons or subjects (anomia) Can utter automatic speech (“hello”) Comprehension relatively intact Most also have partial paralysis of one side of the body (hemiplegia) If extensive, not much r