chapter3血液循环.ppt

Content Introduction 概述 Cardiac physiology 心脏生理 Vascular physiology 血管生理 The regulation of cardiovascular activity 心血管活动的调节 blood circulation血液循环:心脏和血管组成机体的循环系统，血液在其中按一定的方向周而复始循环流动，称为血液循环。其动力装置为心脏。 The circulatory system is comprised of the heart, veins, capillaries, arteries, lymph vessels, and lymph glands, which work together to supply the body tissues with nourishment and collect waste materials. Functions of the Circulatory System Transportation: Respiratory: Transport O2 and CO2. Nutrition: Carry absorbed digestion products to liver and to tissues. Excretory: Carry metabolic wastes to emunctory排泄器官 to be excreted. Regulation: Hormonal: Carry hormones to target tissues to produce their effects. Temperature: Divert blood to cool or warm the body. Protection: Blood clotting. Immune: Leukocytes, cytokines and complement act against pathogens. Relatively small, conical organ Located left of the body midline posterior在后的 to the sternum胸骨 in the middle mediastinum纵隔 . right border is located more anteriorly在前的, while left border is located more posteriorly. The posterosuperior surface of the heart, formed primarily by the left atrium心房, is called the base基侧. The inferior下侧, conical end is called the apex顶侧. Fibrous, serous sac纤维，浆液性囊 Outer portion tough, dense connective tissue，called the fibrous pericardium. Inner portion thin, double-layered membrane，called the serous pericardium. parietal layer 壁层 visceral layer 脏层 pericardial cavity心包腔 Restricts heart movements, Prevents the heart from overfilling with blood. Anatomy of the Heart --- Heart Wall Structure Epicardium 心外膜：the visceral layer of serous pericardium. Myocardium 心肌：composed chiefly of cardiac muscle tissue. Endocardium 心内膜：covers internal surface of the heart and the external surfaces of the heart valves 心脏瓣膜 Anatomy of the Heart --- Cardiac Muscle Tissue Fibers contract as a single unit Intercalated discs 闰盘: Contain gap junctions and desmosomes 桥粒 Muscle impulses are distributed immedi