Beyond pleasure and pain-英文文献.pdf

Beyond Pleasure and Pain E . Tory Higgins Columbia University People approach pleasure and avoid pain. To discover to move beyond the pleasure principle did not move be- the true nature of approach-avoidance motivation, psy- yond the hedonic principle of seeking pleasure and chologists need to move beyond this hedonic principle avoiding pain. to the principles that underlie the different ways that it The problem with the hedonic principle is not that operates. One such principle is regulatory focus, which it is wrong but that psychologists have relied on it too distinguishes self-regulation with a promotion focus (ac- heavily as an explanation for motivation. After many cen- complishments and aspirations)from self-regulation with turies, it continues to be the dominant way to conceptual- a prevention focus (safety and responsibilities). This ize approach versus avoidance. This dominance has taken principle is used to reconsider thefundamental nature of attention away from other approach-avoidance princi- approach-avoidance, expectancy-value relations, and ples. Is peoples entire psychical activity controlled by emotional and evaluative sensitivities. Both types of regu- the hedonic principle, as Freud (1920/1952) wondered, latoryfocus are applied to phenonomena that have been or might there be other self-regulatory principles that treated in terms of either promo