显微镜探知古代颜料史.docVIP

显微镜探知中国古代颜料史 夏寅 陶质彩绘文物保护国家文物局重点科研基地（秦俑博物馆），西安，710600，xiayin2000@ 关键词：中国；古代；颜料；中国蓝；中国紫；苏麻离青颜料；青金石；巴黎绿Exploring Chinese Historical Pigments by Optical Microscopy Xia Yin Key Scientific Research Base of Ancient Polychrome Pottery Conservation ( Emperor Qin’s Terra-cotta Warriors Horses Museum), State Administration for Cultural Heritage Xi’an, 710600,xiayin2000@ Abstract: Pigments of polychrome Cultural Heritage including architecture polychrome, wall painting, pottery polychrome, textile polychrome and fa?ence in China 11 provinces and more than 30 archaeology sites and museums had been sampled and analysis by optical microscopy, and give us an overall image of ancient Chinese pigments application history. The article roughly split the history three parts: early Qin to Han Dynasty, Chinese Blue and Purple were the symbol to show us technology and culture at that time, bone white was also an interesting example. Till to mid of Qing Dynasty, it was formation time of Chinese traditional pigments system, only Smalt application from Yuan Dynasty should be remarkable. And a great amount of industry pigments imported from Europe was important case in late Qing Dynasty. Many nice photos presented in this article will show us different pigments and polychrome technique. Key words: Chinese; Pigments; Chinese Blue; Chinese Purple; Smalt; Lapis Lazuli; Emerald Green/ Paris Green 1 引言 对于古代颜料的研究，西方已经建立起较为全面的体系构架我国对于古代颜料研究的著作，最初是由从事绘画艺术的学者，为研究颜料在我国传统绘画技法中的应用而撰写的颜料使用历史谱系我国现存的彩绘文物非常多，而且随着考古工作的开展，彩绘文物也不断出土，给我们提供颜料分析研究的。Stereomicroscope）、反射偏光显微镜（Reflect light microscope）和透射偏光显微镜（Polarized light microscope）等分析仪器，对全国14个省市自治区超过40处的考古工地和文博单位的千余个彩绘文物颜料样品进行了分析和研究，样品时间跨度为新石器晚期（Late Neolithic Age）到现时代。通过研究，它们大致呈现出了中国古代颜料应用的历史轮廓：具体分成三部分论述，先秦至两汉、魏晋南北朝到清代中期、清代晚期。 2光学显微镜对于颜料的分析鉴定 2.1先秦至两汉 先秦至两汉时期，是以中国蓝（Chinese Blue）中国紫（Chinese Purple）颜料为代表（见图）的使用从西周一直延续到两汉，尤以战国晚期与两汉时期为盛。目前，其使用地域包括陕西、河南、甘肃、江苏及山东地区（见 图1 中国紫显微照片 Fig1 Chinese Purple 表1 中国蓝和中国紫颜料使用地域和时代 Table1 Time span and area of Chinese Blue and C