生物适应与进化文版.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * At any locus, diploid individuals have two copies of genes (alleles). * * Flower color is controlled by one gene, two alleles. P and W. (Picture was cut somehow, differ from textbook) Gametes: egg or sperm * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Gene frequency: any thing influencing gene f will * * * * Flooding * * * * * * * * The following concepts mentioned in the textbook. Cline: measurable, gradual change over a geographic region in the average of some phenotypic charter, such as size, coloration or a gradient genotypic frequency. Example, weight change of White-tailed deer, 136 kg in Canada, 93 kg in Kansa, 46 in Louisiana. Ecotype: a population adapted to local environmental conditions (step clines). Examples, Yarrows from high elevation to low elevation. Short Stature from high elevation retained no matter where planted. Geographic isolates (subspecies): distinguishable by certain characters, but there is gene flow between them. First stage of speciation. * * Ring species: population of a single species encircle an area of unsuitable habitat. As a result, the species becomes geographically distributed in a circular, or ring, pattern over a large geographic area. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Mechanisms of speciation Several are well documented: Allopatric speciation (probably most vertebrates) allopatric species occupy areas separated by time or space. Sympatric speciation (especially plants and insects) Sympatric species occupy the same place at the same time Allopatric Speciation Geographic isolation, Easy to understand. Allopatric speciation: Ring species salamander San Joaquin Valley, CA Speciation via geographic isolation and divergence Sympatric speciation (e.g: Speciation by Polyploidy) About half of all flowering plants are polyploid: more than 2 copies of each gene. Polyploids are the result of failure of cell division (mitosis or meiosis) to separate the chromosomes into 2 cells. 2.4 Adaptations reflect