SmartHomeTechnologies分析.pptVIP

Manfred Huber and Charles Hannon Smart Home Technologies Building Smart Sensors Smart Sensors and Actuators Sensor and Actuator Hardware Conditioning Circuitry Microcontroller Signal Filtering Data Fusion Task-Specific Processing Networking Hardware Sensor and Actuator Hardware To build sensors we have to understand the basic principles of electronic circuits Voltage, Current, Resistance, Capacitance Electronic components, ICs Definition: Current How is current (I) defined? Pick any point in an electrical circuit Define a unit of charge (Q) The charge of one electron = -1.6x10-19 coulombs Measure the change in charge with respect to time at this point dQ/dt ? I What is the unit for I? 1 ampere = 1 coulomb / 1 second Most of the time this is just referred to as an amp Definition: Voltage At any point in a circuit, a positive charge (Q) has some level of potential energy (W) Caused by its attraction to any build-up of negative charges in the circuit Voltage (V) is defined as the normalized value of this PE I.e., V ? W/Q Units 1 volt = 1 joule / 1 coulomb So a voltage drop between two points in a circuit is really a relative measurement of the change in PE for a given charge Definition: Resistance Static resistance is something that blocks the flow of Direct Current (DC) A resistance between point A and point B will cause a difference in the PE between the points, and thus a voltage difference This difference is also dependent on how much current is flowing from A to B I.e., R = (V2 – V1)/I Units 1 ohm = 1 volt /1 amp Definition: Power Now that we have a definition for current and voltage, we can get a definition for power P ? dW/dt or more simply, P = V x I Power is the amount of work that can result from the circuit For example: lighting a light bulb If no useful work can be done, the power is lost as heat Ohm’s Law The voltage drop across a resistance is equal to the current times the resistance V = IR Using what we have already defined, this can be expressed as