guan-6-染色体工程医.pptVIP

第五章;Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.;Chromosomes are an assembly of DNA and proteins which have functions in addition to the expression of genes. They are part of the machinery by which the cell ensures that its genetic information is both copied and delivered accurately to the daughter cells at cell division. Failures in this process can lead to aneuploidy (an abnormal chromosome number in the nucleus of a cell) which is probably the largest single cause of genetic disease in the new-born. ;The processes which DNA replication is controlled was understood in some detail. but we have a poorer understanding of the chromosomal components involved in generating the functions necessary for a metaphase chromosome. ;Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.;Meiosis;减数分裂不分离;A. Overview of the cell cycle;Cell cycle phases:; Different cell cycle length; Biochemical events of cell cycle;Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.;染色体数目变异：;Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.;染色体变异;Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.;多倍体与二倍体相比： 形态巨大，代谢旺盛，糖，蛋白质及其他产物含量提高。 人工诱导改善动物经济性状 动物多倍体稀少原因：（1）远源杂交能力弱，难以形成杂种个体，加上缺乏染色体加倍的机会，即便形成杂种，也不能遗传下去。马2n＝64，驴2n＝62，杂交骡2n＝63 （2）可能与染色体性别决定有关。; 染色体工程是人们按照一定的设计，有计划地消减、添加或代换同种或异种染色体的技术。主要包括染色体倍性改造，结构改造及人工染色体应用。;染色体工程;1 人工诱导多倍体;多倍体的形成;生物学方法;物理学方法 ;物理学方法;化学方法;鉴定方法; 核体积测量属于间接法。 一般，细胞核大小与染色体数目成比例增加，而且为维持恒定的核质比例，随着细胞核的增大，细胞大小也按比例增加。因此组成多倍体有机体的细胞及细胞核通常要比二倍体大一些。但多倍体的器官或身体并不一定都比二倍体大。; 在鱼类，通常通过测量红血球来鉴定多倍体倍性，其中核体积之比最为常用，也有用核面积甚至单独用核长或短之比来表示的。蛋白质电泳也可以用来鉴定多倍体倍性，属于间接法，但在鉴定时要慎用。 利用血清蛋白质电泳图差异来辨别二倍体和三倍体卵胎生帆锵，但不能用来分辨关东银鲫。 染色体计数是鉴定多倍体倍性的一个准确的直接方法，但比较费时。质量好的染色体标本可以从胚胎获得，因为胚胎细胞分裂指数高。 流式细