材料热力学与动力学 4.pptVIP

Dr. Lu Li 4.1 Nucleation in Pure Metals 4.1.1 Homogeneous Nucleation 4.1.1 Homogeneous Nucleation 4.1.1 Homogeneous Nucleation 4.1.1 Homogeneous Nucleation 4.1.2 Homogeneous Nucleation Rate 4.1.3 Heterogeneous Nucleation 4.1.3 Heterogeneous Nucleation 4.1.3 Heterogeneous Nucleation 4.1.3 Heterogeneous Nucleation 4.2 Growth of a Pure Solid 4.2.1 Continuous growth 4.2.2 Lateral growth 4.2.2 Lateral growth: surface nucleation 4.2.2 Lateral growth: spiral growth 4.2.2 Lateral growth: twin intersections 4.2.3 Heat flow and interface stability 4.3 Alloy Solidification (1) Solidification of single phase alloys (2) Equilibrium solidification (3) No diffusion in solid, perfect mixing in liquid (4) No diffusion in solid, diffusional mixing in liquid (5) constitutional supercooling (6) Cellular dendritic solidification (7) T x distribution in cellular solidification (8) Cellular dendritic microstructures Chapter 4: Solidification Chapter 4. Solidification Prof. Dr. X.B. Zhao Department of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Nucleation Type Homogeneous Heterogeneous Free Energy Change Nucleation Rate Key Problems Liquid Liquid Solid r, A DG ? V GL V = VL+VS GL, GS, g DG = -VSDGv + Ag DGv = GL - GS excess free energy per volume ( for a sphere of radius r ) r DG 0 + - volume free energy ? r3 interfacial energy ? r2 DG r* DG * How form solid nuclei in liquid at melting point ? liquid volume: 2~4% larger than the close packed solid phase instantaneous 2D picture of liquid structure Structure Fluctuation some small temporarily close packed clusters are possible, due to the large movement freedom of atoms. cluster number in a system with n0 atoms: most clusters are too small to be stable in the liquid critical nucleus size r* kinetic consideration T ? ? rmax? since atom movement ? r T Tm rmax thermodynamic consideration DT?0 ? DG?0, r*?? r* T = Tm-DT undercooling DT 0 needed ! r r* LV: latent heat of fusion per unit volume Nhom DT 0 D