语音自适应和差分编码方法.pptVIP

Speech Signal Processing—Lecture 7 Speech Coding Methods Based on Speech Waveform Representations and Speech Models—Adaptive and Differential Coding Quantization Dilemma Want to choose quantization step size large enough to accommodate maximum peak-to-peak range of x(n); at the same time need to make the quantization step size small so as to minimize the quantization error the non-stationary nature of speech (variability across sounds, speakers, backgrounds) compounds this problem greatly Solutions to Quantization Dilemma Solution 1-let Δ vary to match the variance of the input signal = Δ(n) Solution 2-use a variable gain, G(n), followed by a fixed quantizer step size, Δ = keep signal variance of y(n)=G(n)x(n) constant Types of Adaptive Quantization Classification 1: instantaneous-amplitude changes reflect sample-to-sample variations in x(n) = rapid adaptation syllabic-amplitude changes reflect syllable-to-syllable variations in x(n) = slow adaptation Classification 2: feed-forward-adaptive quantizers that estimate σx2 from x(n) itself feedback-adaptive quantizers that adapt the step size, Δ, on the basis of the quantized signal, , (or equivalently the codewords, c(n)) Feed Forward Adaptation Feed-Forward Quantizer Feed Forward Quantizers feed forward systems make estimates of σx2 , then make Δ or the quantization levels proportional to σx , or the gain is inversely proportional to σx Feed Forward Quantizer the parameter α controls the effective interval of x(n) that contributes to the estimate of Feed Forward Quantizers Δ(n) and G(n) vary slowly compared to x(n) they must be sampled and transmitted as part of the waveform coder parameters rate of sampling depends on the bandwidth of the lowpass filter, h(n)—for α = 0.99, the rate is about 13 Hz; for α = 0.9, the rate is about 135 Hz Feed Forward Adaptation Gain Feedback Adaptation Feedback Adaptation Performance Comparison of Adaptive Quantization and PCM Differential Quantization we have carried insta