微观经济学 曼昆 第六章.ppt

供给、需求与政府政策 6 本章我们将探索这些问题的答案： 什么是价格上限与价格下限？各有什么例子？ 价格上限与价格下限如何影响市场结果？ 税收如何影响市场结果？对买者还是卖者征税对市场结果有什么不同吗？ 什么是税收归宿？什么决定税收归宿？ 主动学习 1 价格控制 主动学习 1 A. 价格上限为$90 主动学习 1 B. 价格下限为$90 主动学习 1 C. 价格下限为$120 主动学习 2 税收的影响 主动学习 2 参考答案 内容提要 价格上限是某种物品或劳务的法定最高价格。租金控制是一个例子。如果价格上限低于均衡价格，则需求量大于供给量，会引起短缺 价格下限是某种物品或劳务的法定最低价格。最低工资是一个例子。如果价格下限高于均衡价格，则供给量大于需求量，会引起劳动力超额供给，也就是失业 内容提要 对一种物品征税是在买者支付的价格和卖者得到的价格之间打入的一个契子，并使均衡数量降低，无论是向买者征税还是向卖者征税 税收归宿是税负在买者与卖者之间额分担，并不取决于是向买者征税，还是向卖者征税 税收归宿取决于供给与需求的价格弹性 案例研究：谁支付奢侈品税 游艇市场 P Q D S 税收 买者承担的税负 卖者承担的税负 PB PS 需求是富有弹性的 在短期内，供给缺乏弹性 因此，游艇工厂承担了大部分的税收 结论：政府政策与资源的配置 本章的两种政策都会影响社会资源的配置： 例 1： 对皮萨的征税降低了均衡数量。当皮萨的产量降低时，资源（工人，烤箱，奶酪）将会转移到其它行业 例 2： 一个限制性的最低工资会引起工人的超额供给，这是对资源的浪费 因此，决策者在应用这些政策时需要非常小心 * * This chapter builds on the previous two (supply & demand and elasticity). Students who learned those chapters well usually do not have much difficulty with the material in Chapter 6. This chapter can usually be covered in about 90 minutes of class time. I have combined the analysis of price ceilings with the rent control example, and I’ve combined the analysis of price floors with the minimum wage example. (In contrast, the textbook presents a generic analysis of price ceilings, then the rent control example, then a generic analysis of price floors, then the minimum wage). Most students learn new concepts better in the context of a specific example rather than a generic analysis, and combining them in this way saves class time. Here’s an idea you might consider: At the end of the class session just prior to the one in which you begin to cover this chapter, ask students to take out a piece of blank paper, and write down whether they think the minimum wage should be increased, and their reason(s). Tell them not to write their names (you want them to be candid), and have them leave their pieces of paper in a pile as they exit the classroom. Later, divide the papers into two groups based on whether they support or oppose increasing the