第1章 教育技术的历史与基本理论§4.docVIP

§4 Communications Theory 传 播 理 论 Technical Perspective技术观点 Based on technology concepts of transmission (transmission paradigm) as a means for mass communication. Objects (messages, senders, receivers) follow laws of cause and effect. Shannon Weaver (1949) = mathematical model of a one-way, linear transmission of messages. 以传输（传输范例）作为大众传播手段的技术观念为基础，以客体遵循因果关系为法则，香农和韦弗提出了一个信息传输的单向、线性数学模型： Any interference in the literal transfer of the message works against the predictability of communication. Successful communication is dependent on the ability of senders and receivers to encode and decode mental intentions into/from various kinds of signals. 在实际的信息传递过程中，任何干扰都会影响预期的传播效果。成功的传播依赖于发送方和接收方对各种各样的信号进行编码和解码的能力。 Psychological Perspective 心理学观点 The key is that cognitive processes handle (filter) messages which places the emphasis on the perceptions of senders and receivers. So, communication only takes place only when the other party perceives it. 其关键是由认知过程来处理（过滤）信息，重点在于发送方和接收方的理解。因此，传播只有在另一方接收到信息的情况下才能发生。 The goal of the exchange is to arrive at a mutually agreeable meaning between the sender and receiver, thus reducing the chances for misinterpretation in the meanings each party has for the given message objects and communication events. 交流的目的是使发送方与接收方互相认同信息的含义，因此要减少双方对传播的信息对象和传播的事件产生误解的机会。 Psychologically based communication theories form the basis of Osgood and Schramm\s model (1954) where two people communicate via messages that the other processes through an encoder, interpreter, and decoder. 基于心理学的传播理论构成了奥斯古德和施拉姆模式的基础——两人之间通过信息进行沟通，其余的过程要借助编码器、译码器、解码器。 They believe each person is a complete communicative system with both sending and receiving abilities and where each person\s own experiences determine the meaning of symbols (verbal and nonverbal signals and gestures). In other words, words have meaning for someone only if that person\s personal experience provided a context for interpretation. 他们认为每个人都是一个具有发送和接收能力的完整的传播系统，并且个人的经验决定了符号（言语及非言语的信号和手势）的含义。换句话说，言语