商务统计学Ch03-4.ppt

Business Statistics: A First Course, 5e ? 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Business Statistics: A First Course, 5e ? 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Business Statistics: A First Course, 5e ? 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-* Sample statistics v.s population parameters Measure Population Parameter Sample Statistic Mean Variance Standard Deviation Business Statistics: A First Course, 5e ? 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-* Locating Extreme Outliers:Z-Score Z-score is useful in locating the extreme value or outlier, which is a value located far away from the mean. where X represents the data value ?X is the sample mean S is the sample standard deviation Business Statistics: A First Course, 5e ? 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-* The empirical rule approximates the variation of data in a bell-shaped distribution Approximately 68% of the data in a bell shaped distribution is within 1 standard deviation of the mean or The Empirical Rule 68% Business Statistics: A First Course, 5e ? 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-* Approximately 95% of the data in a bell-shaped distribution lies within two standard deviations of the mean, or μ ± 2σ Approximately 99.7% of the data in a bell-shaped distribution lies within three standard deviations of the mean, or μ ± 3σ The Empirical Rule 99.7% 95% Business Statistics: A First Course, 5e ? 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-* Regardless of how the data are distributed, at least (1 - 1/k2) x 100% of the values will fall within k standard deviations of the mean (for k 1) Examples: (1 - 1/22) x 100% = 75% …....... k=2 (μ ± 2σ) (1 - 1/32) x 100% = 89% ……… k=3 (μ ± 3σ) (1 - 1/42) x 100% = 94% ………. k=4 (μ ± 4σ) Chebyshev Rule within At least Business Statistics: A First Course, 5e ? 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-* Quartile Measures Quartiles split the ranked data into 4 segments with an equal number of values per segment 25% The first quartile, Q1, is the value for which 25% of the observations are smalle