Chapter 4OSHACT AN的D ITS ADMINISTRATION.pptVIP

OSHAct and its administration In most states, industrial safety laws, regulations, and codes and their administration had at best been spotty and inadequate to prevent great numbers of accidents. Because of the increasing costs of premiums for workers’ compensation and litigation, some companies became more safety conscious, but after a few years the accident rate eased declining and then began rising again. OSHAct and its administration As a result of investigations conducted by the committee staff, it was brought out that there a number of major construction projects in recent years in which contractors apparently had been permitted to ignore state safety regulations with impunity, with the result that there were a number of disabling injuries and fatalities which might otherwise have been avoided. 安全法规与OSHAct 安全法规的作用： (1)安全法规是贯彻安全生产方针、政策的有效保障。 (2)安全法规是保护劳动者安全与健康的重要手段。 (3)安全法规是实现安全生产的技术保证。 安全法规的内容： (1)关于安全技术和劳动健康的法规；(2)关于工作时间的法规；(3)关于女工等实行特别保护的法规；(4)关于安全生产的体制和管理制度的法规；(5)关于劳动安全和劳动健康监督管理制度的法规。 安全法规与OSHAct OSHAct的适用范围： (1)范围：美国联邦政府所管辖的所有州和地区。 (2)领用：制造业、建筑业、海运、海洋工业、农业、法律、医药、慈善事业等。 (3)“雇主”不包括个体户、只有家人自己工作的农场以及其他联邦法律特殊规定的社会成员。 OSHAct的发展与完善： (1)如果美国职业安全与健康局(OSHA)认为OSHAct某方面的条款需要作修改和进一步的完善，就会召集这方面的专家讨论修改的建议；(2)一旦OSHA计划要制定、修订和取消相关的条款时，就会在《联邦注册》上发表声明和公告；(3)在一些条件下， OSHA有权颁布临时条款以对付紧急事件；(4)随着技术的发展和更新，相关人员也可以就OSHAct的某些条款向OSHA提出修改和改进的建议。 安全法规与OSHAct 工伤：包括在工作中或者现场作业环境中造成的骨折、割伤、抽筋、扭伤或截肢等。 职业病：包括除了工伤以外的，因为不寻常的作业环境而造成的各种疾病，如由于接触、直接呼吸、吸入各种有毒的化学物质引起的过敏和急、慢性病。 (1)范围：美国联邦政府所管辖的所有州和地区。 (2)领用：制造业、建筑业、海运、海洋工业、农业、法律、医药、慈善事业等。 (3)“雇主”不包括个体户、只有家人自己工作的农场以及其他联邦法律特殊规定的社会成员。 New concepts of accident avoidance There were many ideas on the reasons why accidents had occurred, who was responsible for having caused them, and the corrective measures that should be taken. For example, until a few years ago it was considered that if a person was involved in an accident while he or she was exercising his or her responsibilities, it was probably the person’s fault. New concepts of accident av