柠檬市场：质量的不确定性和市场机制(中英对照).docx

The Markets for “Lemons”: Quality uncertainty and The Market Mechanism柠檬市场：质量的不确定性和市场机制Geogre A. Akerlof阿克洛夫一、引言This paper relates quality and uncertainty. The existence of goods of many grades poses interesting and important problems for the theory of markets.（本文论述的是质量和不确定性问题。现实中存在大量多种档次的物品给市场理论提出了饶有趣味而十分重大的难题）On the one hand, the interaction of quality differences and uncertainty may explain important institutions of the labor market.（一方面，质量差异和不确定性的相互作用可以解释劳动力的重要机制）On the other hand, this paper presents a struggling attempt to give structure to the statement: Business in under-developed countries is difficult; in particular, a structure is given for determining the economic costs of dishonesty.（另一方面，本文试图通过讨论获得这样的结论：在不发达国家，商业交易是困难的，其中，特别论及了欺骗性交易的经济成本）Additional applicationsof the theory include comments on the structure of moneymarkets, on the notion of insurability, on the liquidity of durables,and on brand-namegoods.（本文的理论还可以用来研究货币市场、保险可行性、耐用品的流动性和名牌商品等问题）There are many markets in which buyers use some market statistic to judge the quality of prospective purchases.（在许多市场中，买者利用市场的统计数据来判断他们将要购买的商品的质量）In this case there is incentive for sellers to market poor quality merchandise, since the returns for good quality accrue mainly to the entire group whose statistic is affected rather than to the individual seller. As a result there tends to be a reduction in the average quality of goods and also in the size of the market.（在这种情况下，卖者有动力提供低质量商品，因为某种商品的价格主要取决于所有同类商品质量的统计数据而非该商品的实际质量。结果，商品的平均质量将趋于下降，市场规模将不断缩小）It should also be perceived thatin these markets social and private returns differ, and therefore, in some cases, governmentalintervention may increase the welfare ofall parties. Or private institutions may arise to take advantage of the potential increases in welfare which can accrue to all parties.（我们还可以观察到在这种市场上，对个人和社会有不同的回报，因此，某种情况下，政府的干预可以增进社会的总体福利水平。或者说，私人组织利用了整个社会福利水平潜在的增长机会而使自己获利）By nature, however, these institutions are nonatomistic, and therefore concentrat