第2章宏观经济学的数据2.ppt

US GDP and Its Components (2004) * Consumption 70% Government Purchases 15% Net Exports -5 % Investment 16% China’s GDP components in 2007 * Components of China’s GDP over time * C G Fixed Asset Investment GNP 与 GDP 国民生产总值（Gross National Product，GNP): 衡量国民（一国居民）所赚取的总收入， 而不管它来自什么地方（国民原则）。 国内生产总值 (GDP):国内生产要素所赚取的总收入，而不管这一要素是否归本国国民所有（国土原则）。 (GNP – GDP) 占 GDP的百分比 以下国家, 2001年 实际GDP与名义 GDP 名义GDP（Nominal GDP）是用现期价格计算的产品和服务的价值. 实际GDP（Real GDP）是用基期价格（不变价格）计算的产品和服务的价值. 实际GDP 控制了通货膨胀 名义GDP的变化由于两个方面: 物价的变化 最终产品数量的变化 实际GDP的变化只是由于产品数量的变化引起的 因为实际GDP是用基期不变价格计算的. GDP 平减指数（Deflator） 衡量价格水平的指标之一是GDP平减指数，定义为 * * * * A consumer’s spending on a new house counts under investment, not consumption. More on this in a few moments, when we get to Investment. A tenant’s spending on rent counts under services -- rent is considered spending on “housing services.” So what happens if a renter buys the house she had been renting? Conceptually, consumption should remain unchanged: just because she is no longer paying rent, she is still consuming the same housing services as before. In national income accounting, (the services category of) consumption includes the imputed rental value of owner-occupied housing. To help students keep all this straight, you might suggest that they think of a house as a piece of capital which is used to produce a consumer service, which we might call “housing services”. Thus, spending on the house counts in “investment”, and the value of the housing services that the house provides counts under “consumption” (regardless of whether the housing services are being consumed by the owner of the house or a tenant). * source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce * In definition #1, note that aggregate investment equals total spending on newly produced capital goods. (If I pay $1000 for a used computer for my business, then I’m doing $1000 of investment, but the person who sold it to me is doing $1000 of disin