恺撒111.ppt

Gaius Julius Caesar. Gaius Julius Caesar(13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC), was a Roman military and political leader. He played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. During the late 60s and into the 50s BC, he formed political alliances that led to the so-called First Triumvirate, an extra-legal arrangement with Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great) that was to dominate Roman politics for several years. Caesars conquest of Gaul extended the Roman world to the North Sea, and in 55 BC he also conducted the first Roman invasion of Britain. These achievements granted him unmatched military power and threatened to eclipse Pompeys, while the death of Crassus contributed to increasing political tensions between the two Triumvirate survivors. With the order that sent his legions across the Rubicon, Caesar began a civil war in 49 BC from which he emerged as the unrivaled leader of the Roman world. He was assassinated by his enemies in Rome. “束棒”是罗马最高长官权力的象征。 在古罗马，若遇战争，元老院任命一名执政官为独裁官，而执政官只有两位。执政官有12位侍从，肩扛束棒。 一、Early life 二、Political experience 三、The First Triumvirate 四、 Gallic(Gaul) War 五、civil war 六、Assassination 一、Early life Caesar was born into a patrician family, the gens Julia, which claimed descent from Iulus , son of the legendary Trojan prince Aeneas, supposedly the son of the goddess Venus. In 85 BC, Caesars father died suddenly, so at sixteen Caesar was the head of the family, and soon came under threat as Lucius Cornelius Sulla became dictator. Sulla set about purging Rome of his enemies. Hundreds were killed or exiled, and Caesar was on the list. His mothers family pleaded for his life; Sulla reluctantly gave in, but stripped Caesar of his inheritance. Caesar joined the army, and left Rome. He only returned after Sullas death in 78 BC. 二、Political experience 前74年，恺撒返回罗马，并很快继承了舅舅奥莱利乌斯·科塔的职位，成为祭司。 前72年，他获得了第一个通过选举产生的低级职位—军事保民官—这是罗马官职体系中最低