环境化学英文课件 Inorganic Gaseous Pollutants.pptVIP

Air Pollution– Inorganic Gaseous Pollutants Major inorganic gaseous pollutants Carbon monoxide (CO) Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Nitrogen Oxide (NO, NO2) NOx=NO+NO2 Ozone (O3) HK 1-hour Air Quality Objectives for various air pollutants Carbon monoxide: Health effect CO enters the blood stream and binds preferentially to hemoglobin, thereby replacing oxygen. Carbon monoxide: sources and sinks Sources Incomplete combustion (internal engine) Biomass burning Methane oxidation Oxidation of non-methane hydrocarbon Decay of plant matter Sink Reaction with OH radical .OH + CO ? CO2 + H. H. + O2 + M ? HO2. + M Removal by soil microorganism CO formation from methane oxidation CO emission sources in Hong Kong Carbon monoxide: Atmospheric chemistry CO + OH + O2 ? CO2 + HO2. HO2. + NO ? NO2 + OH NO2 + hv ? NO + O O + O2 + M ? O3 + M Net: CO + 2 O2 + hv ? CO2 + O3 Carbon monoxide: control strategies on the automobile source Employ a leaner air/fuel mixture (higher air/fuel ratio) Employ catalytic exhaust reactors Excess air is pumped into the exhaust pipe. Air-exhaust mixture pass through a catalytic converter to oxidize CO to CO2. Addition of oxygenates to gasoline Examples of oxygenates: methanol, ethanol, MTBE Sulfur dioxide: Health effect Produce irritation and increasing resistance in the respiratory tract. Mucus secretion In sensitive individuals, the lung function changes may be accompanied by perceptible symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing. may also lead to increased mortality, especially if elevated levels of suspended particles are also present. Sulfur dioxide: Sources and sinks Sources Combustion of S-containing fuel in electric power plants, vehicles. S (organic S + FeS2 pyrite) + O2 -- SO2 Oxidation of H2S: 2H2S + 3 O2 -- 2 SO2 + 2 H2O H2S is produced as an end product of the anaerobic decomposition of S-containing compounds by micro organisms. Oxidation of DMS Sink Converted into sulphuric acid in either gas or liquid phase SO2 emission so