哲学常识(国外英语资料).doc

哲学常识(国外英语资料) Philosophical knowledge Lesson 1 everything begins with reality (1) nature is objective. People should respect nature, live in harmony with nature, and live in harmony with nature. (2) substance determines consciousness, and consciousness reacts to matter. To correctly reflect the objective things and the development of consciousness, to guide the people to effectively carry out practical activities, to promote the development of objective things; distorted reflection of the objective things and the development of awareness, make people activity mislead, hindering the development of objective things. This principle requires that we should pay attention to the role of consciousness, attach importance to spiritual strength, consciously set up correct ideology, and overcome the wrong ideology. (3) material consciousness determines that we should proceed from reality and seek truth from facts. Second, contact, development, look at the problem (1) the connection of things is universal and objective. This principle requires us to hold on to the point of view. (2) principle of causation and its methodology. Everything is in a causal link, and any cause will lead to a certain result, which requires us to treat something as a cause and to foresee its possible consequences. With the scientific prediction of the consequences, we can correctly guide our concrete actions and make things develop in the direction that people expect. If we focus on immediate action, regardless of long-term results, it will inevitably cause harm to our work and social life. Everything is the causal link, any results are caused by certain reasons, it requires that we should treat as a result of a thing, explore the causes of the results; we should analyze the reasons from the consequences of an action, summing up successful experiences and failures., in order to consolidate the achievements, avoid making the same mistake of nature. (2) the whole and part relation principle and its method