环境化学英文课件6.ppt

Particles and Clouds Cloud albedo forcing : Cooling Cloud Greenhouse Forcing: Warming Overall effect of all clouds Cloud albedo forcing ? cooling Cloud greenhouse forcing ? warming The overall effect of all clouds together is that the Earths surface is cooler than it would be if the atmosphere had no clouds The dominate factor in the global albedo is clouds. Aerosol: Definition Aerosol is a suspension of solid or liquid particles in a gas. Atmospheric aerosols consist of small particles of liquid and solid material suspended in the air. Bioaerosol: An aerosol of biological origin. (Examples: viruses, bacteria, fungi, spores, and pollens.) Aerosol sizes are usually measured in the unit of micrometer (mm) 1 mm = 10–6 m 1 mm = 104 angstrom (?) Typical Particle Diameters (mm) Example images of atmospheric particles Aerosol sources Aerosol sources Windblown dust from Desert Sulfate aerosol from volcano eruption, fuel combustion and microbial activities. Seasalt aerosol from seaspray and bubble bursting Soot from fuel combustion Secondary organic aerosol from volatile organic compounds Aerosol Radiative Forcing: direct effect The effect of aerosol on the energy flux of the atmosphere depends on particle size and composition. Dark particles (soot–containing) tend to absorb light, thus warming Earth’s atmosphere. Small particles tend to scatter light, thus increasing the albedo of the atmosphere. Aerosol and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) are particles that can become activated to grow to fog or cloud droplets in the presence of a supersaturation of water vapor. If the Earth’s atmosphere were totally devoid of particles, clouds could not form. Aerosol radiative forcing: indirect effect Volcanoes and climate change Mt. Pinatubo eruption made 1992 the coolest year since 1986 Volcanic Cooling 1816-the year without a summer In 1815, Tambora in Indonesia exploded and the volcano dust blanketed the Northern Hemisphere. The following year, 1816, da