现代操作系统英文版第三版第一章 Chapter1-Introduction.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * 1-3步：调用程序首先把参数压入堆栈。由于历史的原因，C及C++使用逆序（必须把第一个参数赋给printf，放在堆栈的顶部） 4步：对库过程的实际调用 5步：在可能是由汇编语言写成的库过程中，一般把系统调用的编号放在操作系统所期望的地方，如寄存器中，然后执行一个Trap指令，将用户态切换到内核态，并在内核中的一个固定地址开始执行。 * POSIX表示可移植操作系统接口：Portable Operating System Interface，缩写为 POSIX 是为了读音更像 UNIX 电气和电子工程师协会（Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers，IEEE）最初开发 POSIX 标准，是为了提高 UNIX 环境下应用程序的可移植性。然而，POSIX 并不局限于 UNIX。许多其它的操作系统，例如 DEC OpenVMS 和 Microsoft Windows NT，都支持 POSIX 标准 * 许多时候我们需要在一个进程中执行另一个程序，但又不想影响本进程的运行，那么可以创建一个子进程，然后再进行处理。 The reason the child’s process ID is returned to the parent is because a process can have more than one child, so there is no function that allows a process to obtain the process IDs of its children. The reason fork returns 0 to the child is because a process can have only a single parent, so the child can always call getppid to obtain the process ID of its parent. Process ID 0 is always in use by the swapper, so its not possible for 0 to be the process ID of a child. The child is a copy of the parent. For example, the child gets a copy of the parent’s data space, heap, and stack. Note that this is a copy for the child – the parent and child do not share these portions of memory. Often the parent and child share the text segment (code), if it is read-only. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Company personnel management pyramid, the “workers” know all the information Human, the younger the faster, the older the richer * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 文件是一种抽象机制，它提供了一种在磁盘上保留信息而且方便以后读取的方法。 * * * * Operating System Structure (8) Client-Server Model Moving most of the code up into the higher layers made the kernel to be minimal and only responsible for communication between clients and servers. Operating System Structure (9) Client-Server Model (ctd.) The operating system is collection of servers that provide specific services; e.g., file server, etc. Figure 1-27. The client-server model in a distributed system Operating System Structure (10) Client-Serve