生物活性脂质.ppt

Bioactive Lipids Outline Definition and Classification Fatty Acids Glycerolipids Glycerophospholipids Sphingolipids Case Studies Biological Functions of Lipids Stored Energy Structural Lipids in Membranes as Signals, Cofactors, and Pigments Common categories of lipids Fatty acids: saturated, unsaturated (C4 to C36). Glycerolipids: mono-, di-, and tri-substituted glycerols Glycerophospholipids: phospholipids Sphingolipids: common structural feature, a sphingoid base backbone Fatty acids Most naturally occurring fatty acids have a chain of an even number of carbon atoms, from 4 to 28. Length of free fatty acid chains: Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) , 6 carbons. Medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA), 6–12 carbons. Long-chain fatty acid (LCFA), 13-22 carbons. Very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA), 22 carbons. Some Naturally Occurring Fatty Acids delta-x(Δx ) nomenclature Specify the chain length and number of double bonds, separated by a colon. The 16-carbon saturated palmitic acid is abbreviated 16:0. The positions of any double bonds are specified by superscript numbers following △ (delta); a 18-carbon fatty acid with one double bond between C-9 and C-10 (C-1 being the carboxyl carbon) and another between C-12 and C-13 is designated 18:2(△ 9,12). n-x (ω-x or omega-x) nomenclature The xth is assigned to the number of the first double bond located on carbon–carbon bond, counting from the terminal methyl carbon (designated as n or ω) toward the carbonyl carbon. The physiological properties of unsaturated fatty acids largely depend on the position of the first unsaturation relative to the end position and not the carboxylate. α-Linolenic acid is classified as a n?3 or omega-3 fatty acid. The most commonly researched fatty acid biosynthetic pathways are n?3 and n?6. Essential fatty acids (EFAs) Humans must ingest because the body requires them for good health but cannot synthesize them. Only two EFAs are known for humans: alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) and linol