生理学双语课件-感官-1.ppt

The pigment epithelium 色素上皮 absorbs light rays, preventing the reflection of rays back through the retina. Such reflection would produce blurring of the visual images. The optic nerve leaves the eye and the retinal blood vessels enter it at a point 3 mm medial to and slightly above the posterior pole of the globe. This region is visible through the ophthalmoscope 眼底镜 as the optic disk 视神经乳头. There are no visual receptors overlying the disk, and consequently this spot is blind (the blind spot). Near the posterior pole of the eye, there is a yellowish pigmented spot, the macula lutea 黄斑. This marks the location of the fovea centralis 中央凹. In the fovea centralis, the cones are densely packed, and each synapses to a single bipolar cell which in turn synapses on a single ganglion cell, providing a direct pathway to the brain. Consequently, the fovea is the point where visual acuity is greatest. When attention is attracted to or fixed on an object, the eyes are normally moved so that light rays coming from the object fall on the fovea. The arteries, arterioles, and veins in the superficial layers of the retina near its vitreous surface can be seen through the ophthalmoscope. Since this is the one place in the body where arterioles are readily visible, ophthalmoscopic examination is of great value in the diagnosis and evaluation of diabetes mellitus, 糖尿病 hypertension, and other diseases that affect blood vessels. Thus, the shape of the eye appears to be determined in part by the refraction presented to it. In young adult humans the extensive close work involved in activities such as studying accelerates the development of myopia. This defect can be corrected by glasses with biconcave lenses 双凹透镜, which make parallel light rays diverge slightly before they strike the eye. 远视  近点距离较正常人为大。 In some individuals, the eyeball is shorter than normal and the parallel rays of light are brought to a focus behind the retina. This abnormality is called hyperopia. Sus