盐摄入和心血管病风险.pptx

;引子;回应;背景;Low Sodium Intake and Increased Cardiovascular Risk:Association or Causation?;THE BRADFORD HILL CRITERIA;StrengthWhat is the degree to which the exposure (low sodium intake) is associatedwith the outcome (cardiovascular disease)?;Strength;Strength;ConsistencyHas the association “been repeatedly observed by different persons,in different places, circumstances, and times?”;Consistency;Consistency;Specificity Is the observed association limited to the exposure and outcome?;Specificity ;Temporality“Does a particular diet lead to disease or do early stages of disease lead tothose with peculiar dietetic habits?”;Temporality;Biologic Gradient （Dose–Response） Is there a dose–response relationship between the exposure and outcome?;Biologic Gradient （Dose–Response）;Biologic Gradient （Dose–Response）;Plausibility Is there a physiological basis for the observed association?;Plausibility;Plausibility;Coherence Does the “cause-and-effect interpretation” of the association “seriously conflict”with “generally known facts about the natural history and biology ofthe disease”?;Coherence;Experiment “Is the frequency of associated events [outcomes]” affected by actions toprevent the exposure?;Experiment;Analogy Does an exposure with a similar action (physiologically) cause the outcome?;Future Directions?;Future Directions?;Future Directions?;Future Directions?;Future Directions?;小结