曼昆经济学原理Chap02.pptVIP

像经济学家一样思考Thinking Like an Economist Chapter 2 第二章 每一个研究领域都有自己的专业术语Every field of study has its own terminology Every field of study has its own terminology Economics trains you to. . . . Think in terms of alternatives. Evaluate the cost of individual and social choices. Examine and understand how certain events and issues are related. 作为科学家的经济学家 The Economist as a Scientist 经济学思考方式 The economic way of thinking . . . 用分析的方法，客观思考 Involves thinking analytically and objectively. 使用科学方法 Makes use of the scientific method. 科学方法The Scientific Method 使用抽象模型帮助人们理解复杂的真实世界是如何运行的 Uses abstract models to help explain how a complex, real world operates. 提出理论，收集、分析数据然后改进理论 Develops theories, collects, and analyzes data to prove the theories. The Role of Assumptions Economists make assumptions in order to make the world easier to understand. The art in scientific thinking is deciding which assumptions to make. Economists use different assumptions to answer different questions. The Economic Way of Thinking Includes developing abstract models from theories and the analysis of the models. Uses two approaches: Economic Models Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the world Two of the most basic economic models include: The Circular-Flow Model The circular-flow model is a simple way to visually show the economic transactions that occur between households and firms in the economy. 循环流行图The Circular-Flow Diagram 生产可能性边界描述资源和技术在给定时，生产的可能组和。 The Production Possibilities Frontier The production possibilities frontier is a graph showing the various combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and technology. 生产可能性边界The Production Possibilities Frontier The Production Possibilities Frontier Concepts Illustrated by the Production Possibilities Frontier 效率 Efficiency 权衡 Tradeoffs 机会成本 Opportunity Cost 经济增长 Economic Growth The Production Possibilities F