语用学演示文稿.ppt

;Austin made the primary distinction between two types of utterances: constative:表述句 performative：施为句;Backgrounds for the proposing of the performative theory In the 40’s and 50’s, it was commonly held that the study of language should be concerned only with the truth-conditional meaning of the proposition, and not with the situations of the utterance. However, it had been observed that sometimes people are using words to do things. And in such cases, what is of more importance is not the truth conditional-meaning, but the action of doing things. ;Performatives施为句;Performatives are sentences used to perform such functions as promising, naming, warning, inviting, requesting, ordering and asking etc. ; “I declare the meeting open.” ---as uttered in an open ceremony.;Teacher: Class begins!;Boss: You are fired! ;I name this tiger ‘George Bush’.;“ I give and bequeath the watch to my brother.” --- as occurring in a will.;“ I bet you sixpence it will rain tomorrow.” --- as uttered when making a bet.;I promise to love you forever!;Performative verbs:;Felicity Conditions;Characteristics of Performatives;How to distinguish performatives and constatives; It has been noted that some statives can also be viewed as performatives. E.g. A dog is watching you. =I tell you that a dog is watching you. ;All sentences can be used to do things. Saying something can be understood as doing something.;1. Origin of Speech Act Theory;The speaker must have the ability to perform the act; The speaker should sincerely intend to carry out the act; The speaker should not regret for what has been said.;Inadequacy of Austin’s format: