语言与文化language and culture.ppt

Language and Culture Edward Sapir (German American ethnologist and linguist : Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.（1921） Noam Chomsky (American linguist, philosopher, and political activist): A language is “a set (finite or infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.” 1957 Michael. A. K. Halliday (English linguist), : Language is a range of possibilities, an open-ended set of options in behavior that are available to the individual in his existence as social man. (1973) The term “culture” is difficult to define. There have been many experts who try to define and make studies of it. 164 definitions for culture---Alfred Louis Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn. Culture: A critical review of concepts and definitions (1952). Kroeber and Kluckhohn (American anthropologists ) categorize the different definitions of cultures into 6 groups: descriptive (描述性的) historical (历史性的) normative (规范性的) psychological (心理性的) structural (结构性的) genetic (遗传性的) Clark Wissler (American anthropologist) : all social activities in the broadest sense, such as language, marriage, property system, etiquette, industries, art, etc. ... (1920) Roland Burrage Dixon (American cultural anthropologist): That totality of a people’s products and activities, social and religious order, customs and beliefs which ...we have been accustomed to call their civilization. 1928 Franz Boas (German American anthropologist,“Father of American Anthropology”): Culture embraces all the manifestations of social habits of a community, the reactions of the individual as affected by the habits of the group in which he lives, and the products of human activities as determined by these habits. 1930 Edward Sapir, 1921: ... culture, that is ... the socia