语言学课件8.ppt

* * * * * I didnt break a finger yesterday. I broke a finger, but it wasnt one of mine. (Q-based) I broke a finger yesterday. I broke a finger of mine yesterday. (R-based) * John had a drink. The secretary smiled. John had an alcoholic drink. The female secretary smiled. John didnt have a drink—that was a Shirley Temple. *My secretary didnt smile—I have a male secretary.? * Horn argues that this exception is more apparent than real. Both speakers‘ intuition and lexicographers’ practice suggest that the implicature associated with drink, i.e. “alcoholic drink”, has become part of the conventional meaning常规意义, while that of secretary, i.e. “female secretary” has not. In other words, the interpretation of drink in the sense of “alcoholic drink” is no longer an implicature. * Synonym avoidance避免使用同义词: There are many terms formed with the adjective pale and colour words, such as, pale green, pale blue, pale yellow, but pale red sounds odd. This oddity may be attributed to the existence of the word pink. Unless one wants to designate a colour which is paler than red, but not yet as pale as pink, the term pale red would not be used. Because of the existence of pink the use of pale red is limited in a way that pale blue and pale green are not. * Black Bart killed the sheriff. Black Bart caused the sheriff to die. Lee stopped the car. Lee got the car to stop. Stereotypic causative situation: direct, unmediated causation through physical action Productive causative: indirect causation In an unmarked way in some unusual way causation * Horn observes that the Q-based and R-based principles often directly collide直接冲突. “A speaker obeying only Q would tend to say everything she knows on the off-chance that it might prove informative, while a speaker obeying only R would probably, to be on the safe side, not open her mouth. In fact, many of the maxim clashes Grice and others have discussed do involve Quantity1 vs. Relation”. * But “it is perhaps in the resolution of the